위스마트학원 (WE ARE SMART)

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If society is more than a collection of individuals, there must be some kind of relationship between them, and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural law tradition to argue that there cannot be society without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to everything we do, not simply as an external constraint, but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule or social norm we are following, for example caring for the sick or respecting other people's property, is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting legal rules. Everything in society is held together, governed and even constituted by law.

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Humans interact with their surroundings with audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a treatment. A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this technology to be contributing positively to the state of patients. During the VR experience, the patients are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual space. For these patients, this immersive experience could act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal motor function to these regions.

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Empathy is generally categorized into at least two types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more consciously active in that it allows us to understand another person's mental state or perspective. It's difficult to see how this form of empathy could have come about in hominids until they had attained a certain level of self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive response that seems to arise from much more physiological processes. It allows us to share to some degree in another's emotional state. In considering the possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it's challenging to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could have come about at all.

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One telling indication of the importance of meaning for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money often performs poorly as a gift because it sends the wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine's Day, and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50 cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more useful, but it has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St. Valentine's Day, it makes a lousy gift.

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Undoubtedly, everyone must strive for excellence because mediocrity is insufficient professionally and personally. During economic downturns, mediocre employees are the first to be laid off whereas organizations hold on for as long as possible to employees who try hard for excellence. In addition, people who do mediocre work don't get as much personal satisfaction as those who are passionate about everything they do. However, we must all be honest with ourselves. The fact is that only a few individuals of extraordinary skills (physical ability, mental focus, self-discipline, and many years of daily grueling training beyond most people's capacity and willingness) earn a gold medal in the Olympics. Most athletes fail to even qualify for a chance to compete at the Olympic level, simply because the available slots are few whereas the applicants are many. The same is true for the Nobel Prize and many other accomplishments that countless people strive for but very few attain.

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The idea that money replaced barter by making transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy as something in which money is nothing more than a passive mediator ━ a "lubricant in exchange." Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely something to "save the trouble of weighing" (Aristotle) and "a great convenience" (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that "you could use chickens as money" as long as people are ready to accept them as a means of exchange. However, the fact that many things can serve as money does not tell us much about money, any more than the number of actors who have played Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare's play. What counts is the properties of objects at the time when they are used as money, not when they are offstage.

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Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the human tendency to psychologically adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again. This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay in the same place ━ and, in fact, this cycle has been called the "hedonic treadmill." For example, you may feel happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the desire for the next improvement arises.

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The consequences of written forms of communication are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and communication historian Harold Innis, for example, describes how written communication allowed societies to endure through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a priesthood). But the invention of more transportable media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the relationship between a communicator and the person with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be remote in time and space, and the communicator can guarantee that the message received is identical with the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face communication, societies could expand their boundaries to encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was, as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.

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Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of the areas where AI is advancing fast: "In many ways, deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the importance of these parameters on the basis of other factors to arrive at .a clinical decision." Therefore some companies only build an A.1.-based product to outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally happens is that the high end of the market, the part that is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans because the diagnosis by automation alone is not conclusive and may even require skillful interaction between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need a dual structure in which most of the routine work is replaced but still require critical human skills to handle the remaining tasks ― those also being the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two implications. If the company itself is operating on this business model, its scalability is still limited, and its return on investment reduced.

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One key to understanding the living planet is to recognize that nothing about the physical world is static. The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.

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Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless sprawl in our physical environment. We condemn the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions of acres of formerly virgin land. We worry about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it fosters, and about the other social problems that come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed urban sprawl, it just happens ━ or so it appears. On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development. Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car designers. The interactions between all these systems and human behavior are complicated and hard to understand ━ but the policies themselves are not the result of chance. "Out of control" is an ideology, not a fact.

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You've probably already heard about the importance of adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the positive things in your life. But what does that even mean beyond a tired cliche? Isn't it enough when you're grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good place to start for taking inventory of all the things for which you're thankful, but it's by no means the finish line. When you have an average day that's probably going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember to take stock ━ are you thankful for that text your friend sent you that made you feel special? What about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can be practiced every day.

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The emergence of life-long learning is one major development in Europe which is thought to have an impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness of the need to bridge the gap between education systems and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is believed to work more and be directed towards exploring and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, stressing the need to respond to fears about competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to change has become a must and, as often stated by policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing global economic, social and political environment.

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I can't imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate its cage. Appealing as it sounds having the title of "Laboratory Rat of the Year" or "Most Creative Path through a Maze," the rats just aren't motivated by such distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal ━ food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I know no other animal that will work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal expressions with the subsequent presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation. Awards are designed to distinguish one individual from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn't register for most nonhuman animals.

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Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he studied fine art before enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought him international public recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his international audience with a series of major films that tackle the problems facing modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the nation's collective memory and reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he actively stirred his homeland's historical conscience.