위스마트학원 (WE ARE SMART)

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There are many team sports which require cooperation among the team members in order to win. Let' see the origins of a few of these sports. Field hockey has a long history. Four-thousand-year-old drawings of men playing a simple version of a hockey game have been found in tombs in Egypt. In the Middle Ages variations of hockey-like games were played in European countries. Later England modernized it. Chinese game called cuju meaning "kick a ball" existed during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC and has been recognized as the first version of soccer with similar rules to the modern game. Players could use any part of their body except their hands. Later soccer-like games were played in Japan Australia and several countries in Europe. Now 211 countries around the world are registered as members of FIFA. Rowing has existed since humans first traveled on water by boat. The first reference to rowing as a sport comes from 15thcentury BC Egypt. It later spread throughout Europe. Modern rowing as a competitive sport goes back to England in the 18th century. Now one of the most famous competitions is the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.

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When you eat fast food, such as pizza, hamburger, or fried chicken, what do you drink with it? Most people have a soda. When you go to the movies or when you just want something refreshing to satisfy your thirst, a soda is often the first choice. Soda, also called a soft drink, is a sweet drink with carbonation. People all over the world love sodas. Every year, Americans consume 170 liters of soda per person, and the British 100 liters. Of all age groups, teenagers drink the most soda. Most people, however, understand that sodas are not good for their health due to the ingredients. What is in a soda? Which ingredients are really not good for you?

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Everyone knows that soft drinks are loaded with large amounts of sugar. A typical 250ml can of soda contains 30 grams of sugar. WHO, the World Health Organization, recommends that people consume less than 25 grams of sugar a day. Therefore, if you drink one small can of soda, your daily sugar intake already exceeds the recommended amount. What is worse, people usually don't stop with one can. Having extra sugar means adding unnecessary calories. Over time, this can lead to obesity and other health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes. Even diet sodas are not safe. Diet sodas replace the sugar with artificial sweeteners. Artificial sweeteners provide a sweet, sugary taste with fewer calories. This may seem like a good thing, but it really isn't. According to a recent study, artificial sweeteners make you want more sweet foods. This means that you may easily gain weight if you keep drinking diet soda. In addition, artificial sweeteners are known to generate headaches, emotional disorders, and sleeping problems.

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Most soda contains several types of acids. Acid is a chemical substance with a sour taste. When added to water, it produces a sharp flavor. Acid also delays the growth of bacteria, which extends the expiration date of a product. However, acid interferes with the body's ability to absorb calcium, and as a result, bone softening occurs. Also, the acid in sodas interacts with stomach acid, slowing digestion and blocking nutrient absorption. Furthermore, it can damage tooth enamel, the hard substance that protects your teeth. If you drink sodas regularly, your teeth decay more easily.

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When you hear the word "caffeine," you most likely think of coffee. But some sodas, especially colas and carbonated energy drinks, also contain caffeine. Caffeine makes you feel more awake, but it may bring about an irregular heartbeat. A single can of cola may not affect you much, but if you consume colas regularly, they can make you feel more nervous and keep you from sleeping well at night. Artificial Colors and Artificial Flavors Soft drink companies attract consumers by adding bright colors and sweet flavors to their products. Most of these colors and flavors, however, are not natural. They are artificial chemicals. For example, the artificial color Yellow No_6, used in some pineapple juices, adds nothing to the taste. It is just there to make the drink look pretty. Also, the artificial flavor that gives the drink its pineapple taste is not real pineapple juice at all. Studies have shown that excessive consumption of these kinds of chemicals can create problems such as kidney disease and ADHD.

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Darwin's "survival of the fittest" is universally regarded as a simple reality in the game of life. Successful play sometimes requires a degree of selfishness. However, across the animal kingdom, selfishness is only a very small part of an animal's life. Often, animals help each other and work together for the greater good. Cooperation prevails at every level of the animal kingdom. In the following three examples, it is inspiring to see how animals cooperate to help each other.

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Have you ever observed ants marching in and out of their nest? If so, it may have reminded you of a highway packed with cars. But this comparison is not appropriate. Ants never get into a traffic jam, no matter how fast they move or how many of them occupy the road. This is because their movements are based on cooperation. When there are a few ants moving in a single direction, some ants are likely to move slowly, some fast, and others even faster. As their number increases, however, they communicate with each other so that they all move at the same speed. The slow speed up while the fast and the superfast slow down. There are times when ants leaving the nest for food encounter other ants coming back with food on their backs. When this happens, the inbound ants, the ones carrying a burden, always have the right of way. Outbound ants turn to get out of the way, while inbound ants continue in a straight line. This arrangement makes sense because it is more difficult for inbound ants to change direction due to their heavy loads. Following these rules and cooperating in this way, ants improve the traffic flow and make the delivery of food to the nest more efficient.

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Fish also cooperate. As everyone knows, big fish often eat little fish. Sometimes, however, little fish help the big fish, so the big fish do not eat the little fish. Tiny fish, which scientists refer to as "cleaners," swim into the mouths of bigger fish, which are referred to as "clients." The cleaners eat parasites in the clients' mouths. After the cleaners do their job, the clients let them go, instead of swallowing them. The cleaners get a meal, and the clients get a healthier mouth. Sometimes the cleaner fish chew on the wall of the client fish's mouth. Although this may cause pain, the big fish still do not eat the little ones for two reasons. First, the cleaners are too small to satisfy their hunger. Second, it is hard to find good cleaners. Once the cleaners and the clients establish trust, the clients want to cooperate with the cleaners and keep them around.

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Pied flycatchers are small birds that cooperate in dangerous situations. When a predator enters a flycatcher's area, the flycatcher makes a loud sound for help. Other flycatchers hear the call, and they come to help. As more and more birds join the group, the predator becomes frightened and runs away. It is important to note that flycatchers go to the aid of another bird in danger only if that bird has helped other birds in the past. They do not answer the calls of birds that have refused to help others before. More Info- Do you know how bats cooperate to survive? One kind of bat has a system of food sharing. Bats die if they go two nights without food. As hunting for blood—their only food-is not easy, younger bats fail to find food one night out of three. But hunger is rare because bats that find blood share it with bats that don't.

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Cooperation is a process that started with the first single-celled creatures. Living things, from their beginnings more than three billion years ago, took over the planet by learning to cooperate. We human beings cooperate in plenty of ways, from lining up at a bus stop to sharing knowledge on a website. Sometimes, however, human cooperation can break down. To foster cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.

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One use remains to astronomy: it continues to play a crucial role in our discovery of the laws of nature. It was the problem of the motion of the planets that led Newton to the discovery of his laws of motion and gravitation. The fact that atoms emit and absorb light at only certain wavelengths, which in the twentieth century led to the development of quantum mechanics, was discovered in the early nineteenth century in observations of the spectrum of the Sun. Later in the nineteenth century, these solar observations revealed the existence of new elements, such as helium, that were previously unknown on Earth. Early in the twentieth century, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity was tested astronomically, at first by comparison of his theory's predictions with the observed motion of the planet Mercury, and then through the successful prediction of the deflection of starlight by the gravitational field of the Sun.

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As might be true in any big family, the Galloanserae clan has some gorgeous and some plain-looking members. Interestingly, the most colorful Galloanserae males may not be passing on the best genes to offspring, according to a recent study. "There have been lots of theories that the ornaments, the beautiful colors and big tails, are owned by the most fit males," says evolutionary biologist Judith Mank. "We were testing that theory." Mank and her colleagues analyzed genetic materials from six species of birds, both gorgeous and plain. In the gorgeous-looking birds they found a rapidly evolving genome marked by mild gene mutations, which can cause inferior characteristics; in the plain-looking ones they didn't find that. When females mate with gorgeous-looking males, those genetic flaws are passed on. That may affect the species' prospects in the future.

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How does "batching" tasks work? Suppose the issue on your mind right now is the excessive workload your team's currently facing. Everyone's worn down. You're catching your breath while having dinner in a buzzing restaurant with an open kitchen, and you reflect on those analogy-seeking questions while you're waiting for your food. First, you notice that the kitchen staff are deluged with customer orders, like your own team. What's different is that the restaurant staff seems pretty calm, despite the demands they're facing. And while your team allocates work depending on who's got spare capacity, each person in the kitchen has a clear job to do: some make salads, others hot food or desserts. What does that make you think? You consider that maybe you could do more to tag each team member to particular types of requests, so that everyone isn't flipping from one thing to another all the time. You think that this might reduce people's stress. An idea takes shape in your mind.

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The first clue that something is amiss in the world of elephants is the lack of older group members. In a species whose wild longevity is easily 50 or 60 years, poachers slaughtering the animals for their tusks has driven the median age of the African elephant down to 35.9 years. The animals that manage to survive poaching are likely to be orphans, belonging to shattered family units that no longer have a matriarchal leader. These leaderless groups tend to gather, perhaps turning to their instinct of ganging up to defend themselves against primitive humans. In ages past, these aggregations were temporary, and elephants dispersed when the danger was gone. In modern-day Africa, however, where elephants are under continual stress, the groups no longer break up.

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If we want to rein in the power of our belief biases, and our blind trust in our own intuition, we have to be aware of the psychological phenomenon of belief perseverance. Once we have decided that we believe something, we will tend to keep on believing it, even in the face of disconfirming evidence. In 1979, the psychologist Charles Lord and his colleagues provided a classic study illustrating how difficult it is to change beliefs. They studied people with opposing views on capital punishment. They gave both groups two sets of research findings: one set that supported the claim that the death penalty deters crime and the other set refuting that position. The subjects ended up being more impressed with the studies that supported their original beliefs. Thus, instead of leading to a more mindful consideration of the issue, the mix of studies on both sides showed that the pro- and anti-death-penalty groups strengthened their original convictions.